Exotic insect pollinators and native pollination systems

Insect pollinators have been relocated by humans for millennia and are, thus, among the world’s earliest intentional exotic introductions. The introduction of managed bees crop pollination services remains, to this day, a common growing practice worldwide number different bee species that are used commercially is increasing. Being generalists frequently social, these potential wide range impacts on native plants. Thus, understanding consequences introduced pollinator systems priority. We generated global database evaluated two main groups invasive bees, Apis mellifera Bombus spp., their flora pollinators. In meta-analysis, we found per-visit efficiency was, average, 55% less efficient than when visiting flowers species. contrast efficiency, our meta-analysis showed visitation frequency 80% higher overcame deficiencies in pollen removal transfer resulting seed/fruit set levels similar Also, evidence can displace insect bird However, direct effects be context dependent, ranging from mutualism antagonism.